Landmark Supreme Court ruling on UK oil drilling
Environmental activists challenged a decision by Surrey County Council to build a drilling site near Horley
Last updated 20th Jun 2024
The Supreme Court has ruled that Surrey County Council should have considered the climate impacts of burning oil drilled from new wells in Horley.
Sarah Finch challenged Surrey County Council's decision to allow the expansion of an oil well site at Horse Hill, near Horley in Surrey, in 2019.
Ms Finch, acting on behalf of Weald Action Group, argued that the environmental impact assessment carried out before planning permission was granted - which only took into account the impact of extracting the oil - should have taken into account the "downstream" emissions produced when the oil was burned.
She challenged an earlier Court of Appeal ruling dismissing her case, having also lost a legal battle in the High Court.
The council challenged the appeal, arguing that the law did not require it to consider "downstream" emissions as part of the assessment.
But in a ruling on Thursday, Supreme Court justices ruled three to two in favour of allowing her appeal and quashed the decision to grant planning permission for the site.
In his judgment, Lord Leggatt said "it seems to me plain" that emissions created by burning oil extracted at the site "are effects of the project", and as a result "it follows that the council's decision was unlawful".
In a ruling backed by Lord Kitchin and Lady Rose, he said: "The reasons accepted by the council for excluding the combustion emissions from consideration and assessing only direct greenhouse gas emissions from within the well site boundary are therefore demonstrably flawed"
He continued: "In my view, there was no basis on which the council could reasonably decide that it was unnecessary to assess the combustion emissions."
Lord Leggatt continued that he could see "no reason why combustion emissions that will occur elsewhere as a consequence of the operation of a project to extract oil should be regarded differently" from emissions generated by extracting the material.
He also said that while the law did not prevent planning authorities from approving projects which may harm the environment, the authority needed to reach a "reasoned conclusion" on the impact.
But he said it was "not a valid ground" to argue that the oil being refined elsewhere before being burned meant it did not need to be considered by the council as part of the environmental assessment.
Under the plans, the oil well site, run by Horse Hill Developments, would have seen the fossil fuel extracted over 20 years, producing around 3.3 million tonnes of oil.
Climate campaign group Friends of the Earth, who supported Ms Finch during the case, estimated last year that the oil extracted from the site would emit more than 10 million tonnes of carbon dioxide when burned.
Barristers for Ms Finch told the Supreme Court in June last year that council bosses failed to assess "the indirect greenhouse gas impacts" and did not take into account environmental protection objectives.
Lawyers for the council claimed that Ms Finch's approach was "misguided" and that the environmental assessment considered the impact of "direct" greenhouse gas releases.
But Lord Leggatt dismissed the council's argument, stating that the environmental assessment showed "inadequacy" and did not allow for public debate on the impact of the plans.
He said: "It is foreseeable in today's world that, when development consent is sought for a project to produce oil, members of the public concerned will express comments and opinions about the impact of the project on climate change and the potential contribution to global warming of the oil produced."
He continued: "It is not good enough that the potential global warming effect of the proposed development was not 'completely ignored'.
"The effect should have been properly assessed so that public debate could take place on an informed basis. That is a key democratic function of the environmental impact assessment process. It was not fulfilled here."
Sarah Finch, who successfully brought the Supreme Court case, said she was "absolutely over the moon" by the result.
In a statement, Ms Finch said: "The Weald Action Group always believed it was wrong to allow oil production without assessing its full climate impacts and the Supreme Court has shown we were right.
"This is a welcome step towards a safer, fairer future.
"The oil and gas companies may act like business as usual is still an option, but it will be very hard for planning authorities to permit new fossil fuel developments - in the Weald, the North Sea or anywhere else - when their true climate impact is clear for all to see.
"I thank the Weald Action Group, Friends of the Earth and everyone who has been part of our long journey through the courts. I thank my lawyers for their commitment and hard work."
Following the Supreme Court's ruling, Mel Evans, climate campaigner at Greenpeace UK, said: "This is a huge win for the climate. The courts have finally recognised that the Government can't ignore emissions released by burning fossil fuels when granting drilling licences.
"Governments will have to confront what energy experts have long been saying: new oil and gas developments are totally incompatible with the UK's climate commitments.
"We now need robust Government action to bring the UK's oil and gas sector in line with our climate commitments and properly support affected workers into good, secure jobs in the renewables sector.
"Both campaigners and workers need clarity, not endless court cases. The Government must seize the opportunities provided by the energy transition with a clear plan for the industry that places workers at its heart."